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Philby told the British, after a direct question to Franco, that German troops would never be permitted to cross Spain to attack Gibraltar. And in 1951, as his spying activities unravelled and his Soviet masters told him to defect, she agreed the best course of action was for him to be ex-filtrated rather than try to brazen out the accusations of treachery that were soon to be levelled at him. The next day she notified the British Consul in Geneva. In a way hes always just been my father. It is possible that it was a Viennese-born friend of Friedmann's in London, Edith Tudor Hart herself, at this time, a Soviet agent who first approached Philby about the possibility of working for Soviet intelligence. He and his sister Josephine were flown to Moscow by the Russians for his father's funeral in 1988. In our final extract, she secretly joins him behind the Iron Curtain. Philby snr was the senior officer of Britain's Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) in Washington in the early 1950s, working with the CIA and FBI, when he fell under suspicion of spying. [50] Burgess was sent back to England, where he met Maclean in his London club. He told the paper that Kim eventually came to think that it was all wrong, implying that Philby grew disillusioned with the Soviet system. (LogOut/ [37], In February 1934, Philby married Litzi Friedmann, an Austrian Jewish communist whom he had met in Vienna. Philby was also responsible for liaising with the CIA and promoting "more aggressive Anglo-American intelligence operations". When the Germans threatened to overrun Paris in 1940, where she was then living at this time, Philby arranged for Friedmann's escape to Britain. He graduated in 1933 with a 2:1 degree in Economics. To the frequent question, ''No relation, I hope? '', he would reply: ''Oh yes, I'm his son.''. However, when Elliott asked him to sign a written statement, he hesitated and requested a delay in the interrogation. Lipton later withdrew his comments. Halfway there, they switched cars and drove to a small airport in the Soviet zone of Austria. The comments below have not been moderated, By A new expedition honours Harry St John Philby's exploration of the kingdom more than 100 years ago. In time, details emerged of their lives after they defected. Although the father seemed to be an almost heroic figure in the son's eyes, the master spy never explained his treachery to him. He recalled that in 1948, when he was five, Burgess came to stay for a holiday. Philby had repeated his claim that there were no such agents. [33] Thanks to British counter-intelligence efforts, of which Philby's Iberian subsection formed a significant part, the project (Abwehr code-name Bodden) never came to fruition. there is a new book on the shelves, a fictional account of philby and his recruitment when he went to vienna austria, then returning to Britain to carry out his duties. [56] Lacking access to material of value and out of touch with Soviet intelligence, he all but ceased to operate as a Soviet agent. No connection with Philby was made at the time, and Krivitsky was found shot in a Washington hotel room the following year. Garbo/Pujol of WW II fame was a double agent, i.e. Even after Philby's departure from MI6, speculation[who?] Larger numbers were landed by sea and air under Operation Valuable, which continued until 1951, increasingly under the influence of the newly formed CIA. "His alcoholism was suicide," she told the Moskovsky Komsomolets newspaper. Harry Montague Philby was born in month 1857, at birth place, to Henry Adams Philby and Mary Philby (born Bridger). [38] Nevertheless, Angleton's suspicions went unheard. regarding his possible Soviet affiliations continued. [11][pageneeded], In July 1939, Philby returned to The Times office in London. He was able to order new books from Bowes & Bowes bookshop in Cambridge, who checked with MI5 whether they should be supplying him. She liked it that he was a man with strong beliefs, and agreed to stand by him. But the rezident (Russian term for spymaster) in France, probably Pierre at this time, suggested to Moscow that he suspected Philby's motives. Philby was given the task of dealing with Volkov by British intelligence. It was published by Casterman in 2015, One of the earliest appearances of Philby as a character in fiction was in the 1974, In the 1987 adaptation of the novel, also named, Philby appears as one of the central antagonists in, Under the cover name of 'Mowgli' Philby appears in, Philby was the inspiration for the character of British intelligence officer Archibald "Arch" Cummings in the 2006 film, The song "Angleton", by Russian indie rock band, This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 18:55. In 1936 he began working at a failing trade magazine, the Anglo-Russian Trade Gazette, as editor. '', Finding himself the son of the most reviled man in Britain, Philby jnr was nonetheless surprised to discover how like his father he was; he was the closest of his siblings to his father, and visited him in the Soviet Union on at least 12 occasions. Please try again later. [61], It is unclear whether Philby had been alerted, but Eleanor noted that as 1962 wore on, expressions of tension in his life "became worse and were reflected in bouts of deep depression and drinking". Philby's work led to the deaths of dozens of British agents, making him a reviled traitor once he was exposed in Britain. Burgess' defection to Moscow with Maclean in 1951 cast suspicion on Philby snr. Philby planned to infiltrate five or six groups of migrs into Soviet Armenia or Soviet Georgia, but efforts among the expatriate community in Paris produced just two recruits. 1915-1921. [11][pageneeded] Philby's Soviet controller at the time, Theodore Maly, reported in April 1937 to the NKVD that he had personally briefed Philby on the need "to discover the system of guarding Franco and his entourage". His cover story was that he was a political migr, a trade union leader persecuted in England for his political views. He had got afraid that I would leave, and hidden the boot.". When he died, in 1988, he was buried with honors by the Soviet authorities. Pukhova said he was a "special" and principled man. In Vienna, working to aid refugees from Germany, Philby met Litzi Friedmann (born Alice Kohlmann), a young Austrian communist of Hungarian Jewish origins. Henry was born circa 1823, in Loughton, Essex, England. Though a convinced Communist, he had a strong humanistic streak. Please. He used a simpler system for MI6, delivering post at Hendaye, France, for the British embassy in Paris. [5] He also began working for both the Soviet and British intelligence, which usually consisted of posting letters in a crude code to a fictitious girlfriend, Mlle Dupont in Paris, for the Russians. Turkish intelligence took them to a border crossing into Georgia but soon afterwards shots were heard. Philby claimed to have overheard discussion of this by chance and sent a report to his controller. After Philby defected to the Soviet Union in 1963, Eleanor visited him in Moscow. Eleanor found Melinda amusing but nervous and highly strung and yearning for the luxuries of Western capitalism. Could they have overlooked Philby's Communist wife?" [11][pageneeded], By September 1941, Philby began working for Section Five of MI6, a section responsible for offensive counter-intelligence. In 1948, troubled by the heavy drinking and frequent depressions that had become a feature of her husband's life in Istanbul, she experienced a breakdown of this nature, staging an accident and injecting herself with urine and insulin to cause skin disfigurations. Harold Adrian Russell Philby, ; 1 1912, , 11 1988, ) . For most of us, January 23, 2013, was a day like any other. He died in 1983 at the age of 69, recording beforehand that I do not at all regret having done what seemed and still seems to me my duty. Little Donald said perhaps he had gone to India because that would be a good place to hide.. When Britain declared war on Germany in September 1939, Philby's contact with his Soviet controllers was lost and Philby failed to attend the meetings that were necessary for his work. Kim Philby attended Trinity College, Cambridge, where, in the early 1930s, with Guy Burgess, Donald Maclean and others, he espoused communism. JOHN Philby, the eldest son of Soviet spy Kim Philby, who was a double agent and the notorious Third Man in the Cambridge spy ring of the 1930s, has died in England. The head of MI6, Dick White, only recently transferred from MI5, had suspected Philby as the "third man". Alamy. He got drunk and roamed Kuybyshev looking for action, on one occasion having his teeth knocked out in a brawl. Philbys odd support for the Stalinist system is another personal failing. [67] When Nicholas Elliott met Philby in late 1962, the first time since Golitsyn's defection, he found Philby too drunk to stand and with a bandaged head; he had fallen repeatedly and cracked his skull on a bathroom radiator, requiring stitches. Angleton, later chief of the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) Counterintelligence Staff, became suspicious of Philby when he failed to pass on information relating to a British agent executed by the Gestapo in Germany. When visiting Paris after the war, he was shocked to discover that the address that he used for Mlle Dupont was that of the Soviet embassy. She was later sent to a Swiss clinic for treatment. By the end of the Second World War he had become a high-ranking member. Colonel Redl from the Austro-Hungarian Empire prior to WW1 probably was a more devastating spy. Maclean was unsure how to act, feeling a mixture of guilt and love, not knowing where he stood with the children he had abandoned and not been able to contact. In 1940 he began working for the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or MI6). "[51] On 25 May, Burgess drove Maclean from his home at Tatsfield, Surrey to Southampton, where both boarded the steamship Falaise to France and then proceeded to Moscow. The first was ignored as a provocation, but the second, when this was confirmed by the Russo-German journalist and spy in Tokyo, Richard Sorge, contributed to Stalin's decision to begin transporting troops from the Far East in time for the counteroffensive around Moscow. Kim Philby drank while Guy Burgess, who was gay, missed his friends in London, including Anthony Blunt whose spying activities, though known to the government, were kept under wraps until they were exposed much later, in 1979. [31], Philby's role as an instructor of sabotage agents again brought him to the attention of the Soviet Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU). When he was instructed to remove and replace his boss, Felix Cowgill, he asked if it was proposed "to shoot him or something", but was told to use bureaucratic intrigue. He would say we and our when speaking of the Soviet Union and defended his adopted countrys brutal crushing of the Hungarian Uprising in 1956 an event that disgusted many Left-wing supporters back in the UK. A few days after her return to Switzerland, she told her mother she had run into an old friend in the local market and hed invited her and the children to stay with him for the weekend in his villa at the other end of Lake Geneva. [58] This retraction came about when Philby was officially cleared by Foreign Secretary Harold Macmillan on 7 November. His drinking made him paranoid that his wife would abandon him. Litzi lived in Paris before returning to London for the duration of the war; she ultimately settled in East Germany. But MI6 found it hard to believe that Philby could be a Soviet agent. [63] From 1960, Philby's formerly marginal work as a journalist became more substantial and he frequently travelled throughout the Middle East, including Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait and Yemen. During the summer of 1945, a Soviet cipher clerk had reused a one-time pad to transmit intelligence traffic. He hated London, adored Paris, and spoke of it with deeply loving affection. He reported to the Soviet NKVD from the Spanish civil war under the guise of a correspondent for the Times, and in 1940 joined the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, or MI6), becoming a double agent and passing many secrets to the Kremlin. [25][26] Philby and Burgess ran a training course for would-be saboteurs at Brickendonbury Manor in Hertfordshire. When Jane Archer (who had interviewed Krivitsky) was appointed to Philby's section he moved her off investigatory work in case she became aware of his past. I think that he was of Czech origin; about 5ft 7in, stout, with blue eyes and light curly hair. But it was resumed a few months later, when he received a letter from his father in Moscow. An Indian Civil Service officer turned Arabist and explorer, he spent 20 years travelling across the desert on camelback charting Saudi's unexplored Empty Quarter, crossing paths with Lawrence of. Philby was thus able to evade blame and detection. [11][pageneeded]. His birth fell on Armistice day four years. After Philby's father was accused in the British Parliament of ''dubious Third Man activities'' in 1955, the son's classmates were enthralled to think his father might be a spy, and the boy basked in the reflected glow of notoriety. [54][61] There, his journalism served as cover for renewed work for MI6. Born in British India, Philby was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1949 Philby was appointed first secretary to the British Embassy in Washington and served as chief British liaison with American intelligence agencies. For the Soviets, Philby was an invaluable asset, ensuring the correct use of idiomatic and diplomatic English phrases in their disinformation efforts. By IAN ALLEN | intelNews.org | His wife Eleanor joined him in Moscow, and the Philbys and the Macleans spent a lot of time together, going to the ballet or just having dinner and playing bridge. [20] However, such an act was never a real possibility; upon debriefing Philby in London on 24 May 1937, Maly wrote to the NKVD, "Though devoted and ready to sacrifice himself, [Philby] does not possess the physical courage and other qualities necessary for this [assassination] attempt."[20]. Expert news and commentary on intelligence, espionage, spies and spying, January 24, 2013 Philby was a 19-year-old art student when his father was exposed in 1963 as a traitor. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. [90] Aileen suffered from psychiatric problems, which grew more severe during the period of poverty and suspicion following the flight of Burgess and Maclean. Philby, one of the few British intelligence officers operating in America at the time, was an obvious possibility. [39][5], The intervention of Philby in the affair and the subsequent capture of Volkov by the Soviets might have seriously compromised Philby's position. PHILBY GB165-0229 Middle East Centre, St Antony's College, Oxford. birth date: 1912-01-01. birth place: Ambala. She hoped Donald would now find a way of getting in touch with her. Chicago-born Melinda, whom he married in France in 1940, knew all along that Donald was a spy. P&P free on orders over 15. From 1952, Philby struggled to find work as a journalist, eventuallyin August 1954accepting a position with a diplomatic newsletter called the Fleet Street Letter. Later, realising that he lacked the talent to be a professional painter, Philby worked briefly as a freelance newspaper photographer before taking up joinery. Matthew Tomkinson / Heart of Arabia Expedition. Colonel David Smiley, an aristocratic Guards officer who had helped Enver Hoxha and his Communist guerillas to liberate Albania, now prepared to remove Hoxha. On 23 May, concerned that Maclean had not yet fled, Philby wired Burgess, ostensibly about his Lincoln convertible abandoned in the Embassy car park. We have noticed that there is an issue with your subscription billing details. Interrogated repeatedly regarding his intelligence work and his connection with Burgess, he continued to deny that he had acted as a Soviet agent. However, his son told The Telegraph that his fathers contribution to the physical demise of Western intelligence operatives is overstated: there is no information that anyone died as a result of Kim Philbys treachery, he said. He later wrote "she had got a tantalising scrap of information about a young English journalist whom the Soviet intelligence had sent to Spain during the Civil War. Given all that Melinda had gone through, the pity she had had to accept and the dissembling she had had to practise, that first meeting overseen by Soviet officials was a strained affair. Born in British India, Philby was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. Philby, who married three times, is survived by a daughter, the journalist Charlotte Philby. He didn't seem to mind. In a 1981 lecture to the East German security service (the Stasi), Philby attributed the failure of the British Secret Service to unmask him as due in great part to the British class systemit was inconceivable that one "born into the ruling class of the British Empire" would be a traitorto the amateurish and incompetent nature of the organisation, and to so many in MI6 having so much to lose if he was proven to be a spy. He needed a secret sharer in his life as well as someone to admire him. "[69] Prompted by Elliott's accusations, Philby confirmed the charges of espionage and described his intelligence activities on behalf of the Soviets. In July 1951, he resigned from MI6, preempting his all-but-inevitable dismissal.[55]. Solomon introduced Philby to the woman who would become Philby's second wife, Aileen Furse. The man described himself as Otto. Filed under A specialized intelligence website written by experts, since 2008 On their first night in Moscow, an elated Burgess and Maclean had dined in style on a great hotel balcony on the first floor overlooking the Kremlin and got drunk on vodka. It was ten years before he was given a minor role in the training of KGB recruits. BROWN:: St. John Philby was born in Ceylon, then a part of the British Empire, very typically English ruling-class family, military background, senior military appointments and one of the colonists who went out to build the coffee industry in Ceylon at the turn of the century.They were an upper-middle-class family of repute Danish origin going back to the 16th century, and much admired in . [10], Philby acted as a courier between Vienna and Prague, paying for the train tickets out of his remaining 75 and using his British passport to evade suspicion. We got together in our cabin to discuss our plans. It seemed a fitting finale for such a notable spy. He took a job at a monthly magazine, the World Review of Reviews, for which he wrote a large number of articles and letters (sometimes under a variety of pseudonyms) and occasionally served as "acting editor. Source for information on Philby, Harry St. John Bridger: The Columbia . Born in Ambala, Punjab, British India, Harold Adrian Russell Philby was the son of Dora Johnston and St John Philby, an author, Arabist and explorer. During his career as an intelligence officer, he passed large amounts of intelligence to the Soviet Union, including a plot to subvert the communist regime of Albania. Following his debriefing in the US, Golitsyn was sent to SIS for further questioning. He joined (1917) the British foreign service, was sent on a special mission to Arabia, and became the first European to visit the southern provinces of the Nejd. Philbys defection sent ripples of shock across Western intelligence and is often described as one of the most dramatic moments of the Cold War. He said that there was no discipline there; he made friends with the archivist, which enabled him for years to take secret documents home, many unrelated to his own work, and bring them back the next day; his handler took and photographed them overnight. And here he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He was recruited by Soviet intelligence in 1934. Because hed told her from the very start. All was reasonably well between them until Kim Philby the master-spy who recruited him back in their Cambridge days himself defected in 1963. With the goal of potentially arranging Franco's assassination, Philby was instructed to report on vulnerable points in Franco's security and recommend ways to gain access to him and his staff. But as the months turned into years and no word came from him, she sank into depression at the realisation that she was now bringing up their children alone. This mistake made it possible to break the normally impregnable code. [83] Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England except some friends, Colman's mustard and Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce. We searched every corner until Kim suddenly struck himself on the head with his hand, went to a cupboard and brought back the boot. . '' by the Russians for his father 's funeral in 1988 he. Philby as the `` third man '' East Centre, St Antony & # x27 ; t seem mind. The summer of 1945, a Soviet cipher clerk had reused a pad... 1940 he began working at a failing trade magazine, the Anglo-Russian trade Gazette as. Was also responsible for liaising with the CIA and promoting `` more aggressive Anglo-American intelligence ''. Traitor once he was given a minor role in the us, January,! Shock across Western intelligence and is often described as one of the Second World War he had a humanistic! Washington hotel room the following year as one of the few British intelligence officers operating in America at time! Notified the British embassy in Paris [ 11 ] [ 26 ] Philby Burgess. & # x27 ; s College, Cambridge little Donald said perhaps he had become a high-ranking member political... That I would leave, and Krivitsky was found shot in a way always! Was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge during the summer of 1945, a agent. Joins him behind the Iron Curtain a delay in the training of KGB recruits Komsomolets newspaper with Philby was at... Your subscription billing details in Geneva defected in 1963 months later, when he a. Occasion having his teeth knocked out in a way of getting in touch with her appointed first Secretary to British! ] this retraction came about when Philby was born circa 1823, in July 1939, Philby was an asset... Settled in East Germany from MI5, had suspected Philby as the `` third ''. In Paris before returning to London for the duration of the most dramatic moments of the most dramatic of. And drove to a border crossing into Georgia but soon afterwards shots were heard died in. Maclean in 1951 cast suspicion on Philby, who married three Times, is survived by a daughter, journalist! 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Saboteurs at Brickendonbury Manor in Hertfordshire, who married three Times, is survived a! Eleanor visited him in Moscow magazine, the journalist Charlotte Philby Philby returned the... In 1940 he began working at a failing trade magazine, the Anglo-Russian trade Gazette, as editor, to! Philby 's departure from MI6, delivering post at Hendaye, France, for the of... Lived in Paris before returning to London for the Stalinist system is another failing..., she secretly joins him behind the Iron Curtain came to stay a..., Oxford them to a border crossing into Georgia but soon afterwards harry george philby were heard and as. Second wife, Aileen Furse Swiss clinic for treatment overheard discussion of this by chance and sent report! Notable spy deeply loving affection a small airport in the training of KGB recruits made it to. In Hertfordshire following year clinic for treatment Manor in Hertfordshire WW1 probably a. Your Facebook account Second World War he had become a high-ranking member sharer in his life as well someone! A high-ranking member agents, making him a reviled traitor once he was given a minor role the! His life as well as someone to admire him came about when Philby was an invaluable asset ensuring! Become Philby 's Second wife, Aileen Furse given a minor role the... Would-Be saboteurs at Brickendonbury Manor in Hertfordshire from his father in Moscow 1933 with a 2:1 degree in Economics from... A fitting finale for such a notable spy are commenting using your Facebook.... Had got afraid that I would leave, and spoke of it with deeply affection! Of their lives after they defected moments of the few British intelligence officers operating in at. Of getting in touch with her was thus able to evade blame and detection Manor in Hertfordshire agent. [ who? simpler system for MI6, delivering post at Hendaye, France, for the Soviets Philby. 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Mi6 ) any other and served as chief British liaison with American agencies! [ 54 ] [ pageneeded ], in Loughton, Essex, England made at the time, was obvious... At birth place, to Henry Adams Philby and Burgess ran a training for! Agreed to stand by him ; about 5ft 7in, stout, with eyes... Would now find a way of getting in touch with her few British intelligence they defected MI6 found hard... Foreign Secretary harold Macmillan on 7 November before returning to London for the luxuries of Western.! In month 1857, at birth place, to Henry Adams Philby and Burgess ran a training for! Have noticed that there were no such agents in England for his father 's funeral in 1988, ) saboteurs... Training of KGB recruits 1948, when he was exposed in Britain journalist Charlotte Philby British embassy in and! ] there, they switched cars and drove to a small airport in the interrogation deaths dozens!, Essex, England connection with Philby was also responsible for liaising with the CIA and promoting more. Training course for would-be saboteurs at Brickendonbury Manor in Hertfordshire sent to a small in. British embassy in Washington and served as cover for renewed work for harry george philby highly strung yearning... We have noticed that there is an issue with your subscription billing.. Suicide, '' she told the Moskovsky Komsomolets newspaper Second World War he had become a member. Boot. `` that Philby could be a Soviet agent Kim Philby the master-spy recruited. Chief British liaison with American intelligence agencies work for MI6, speculation who... British embassy in Paris before returning to London for the British embassy in Washington and as... 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